Medicine – applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Some of its branches are:
Cardiology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the blood vessels.
Critical care medicine – focuses on life support and the intensive care of the seriously ill.
Dermatology – branch of medicine that deals with the skin, its structure, functions and diseases.
Emergency medicine – focuses on care provided in the emergency department.
Endocrinology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the endocrine system.
Gastroenterology – branch of medicine that deals with the study and care of the digestive system.
General Practice (often called Family Medicine) is a branch of medicine that specializes in primary care.
Geriatrics – branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of the elderly.
Gynecology – branch of medicine that deals with the health of the female reproductive systems and the breasts.
Hematology – branch of medicine that deals with the blood and the circulatory system.
Hepatology – branch of medicine that deals with the liver, gallbladder and the biliary system.
Infectious disease – branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of infectious disease, especially for complex cases and immunocompromised patients.
Neurology – branch of medicine that deals with the brain and the nervous system.
Nephrology – branch of medicine which deals with the kidneys.
Oncology – is the branch of medicine that studies of cancer.
Ophthalmology – branch of medicine that deals with the eyes.
Otolaryngology – branch of medicine that deals the ears, nose and throat.
Pathology – study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Pediatrics – branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of children.
Pharmacology – study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines
Pulmonology – branch of medicine that deals with the respiratory system.
Psychiatry – branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Radiology – branch of medicine that employs medical imaging to diagnose and treat disease.
Rheumatology – branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.
Splanchnology – branch of medicine that deals with visceral organs.
Surgery – branch of medicine that uses operative techniques to investigate or treat both disease and injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.
Urology – branch of medicine that deals with the urinary system and the male reproductive system.
Numerous other interdisciplinary fields.
Veterinary medicine – branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in nonhuman animals.
Tuesday, 15 March 2016
Biology and its branches
Biology – burst and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into a single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition. Here are some of biology's major branches:
Agriculture – study of producing crops and raising livestock, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics
Biomedical research – study of health and disease
Biophysics – study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biotechnology – study of the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
Botany – study of plants
Cell biology – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
Developmental biology – study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
Evolutionary biology – study of the origin and descent of species over time
Genetics – study of genes and heredity.
Hematology (also known as Haematology) – study of blood and blood-forming organs.
Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living organisms
Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
Mycology – study of fungi
Neurobiology – study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
Paleontology – study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathology – study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Physiology – study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology – study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
Population biology – study of groups of conspecific organisms
Sociobiology – study of the biological bases of sociology
Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
Systems biology - study of the integration and dependencies of various components within a biological system, with particular focus upon the role of metabolic pathways and cell-signaling strategies in physiology.
Toxicology - study of the effects of chemicals on living organisms
Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior.
Agriculture – study of producing crops and raising livestock, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics
Biomedical research – study of health and disease
Biophysics – study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biotechnology – study of the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
Botany – study of plants
Cell biology – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
Developmental biology – study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
Evolutionary biology – study of the origin and descent of species over time
Genetics – study of genes and heredity.
Hematology (also known as Haematology) – study of blood and blood-forming organs.
Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living organisms
Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
Mycology – study of fungi
Neurobiology – study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
Paleontology – study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathology – study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Physiology – study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology – study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
Population biology – study of groups of conspecific organisms
Sociobiology – study of the biological bases of sociology
Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
Systems biology - study of the integration and dependencies of various components within a biological system, with particular focus upon the role of metabolic pathways and cell-signaling strategies in physiology.
Toxicology - study of the effects of chemicals on living organisms
Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior.
life sciences - scientific study of living organisms
The life sciences comprise the fields of science that involve the scientific study of living organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, animals, and human beings – as well as related considerations like bioethics. While biology remains the centerpiece of the life sciences, technological advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of specializations and interdisciplinary fields.
Some life sciences focus on a specific type of life. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and genetics. Yet other fields are interested in technological advances involving living things, such as bio-engineering. Another major, though more specific, branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind – neuroscience.
The life sciences are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life. They have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries.
There is considerable overlap between many of the topics of study in the life sciences.
Some life sciences focus on a specific type of life. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and genetics. Yet other fields are interested in technological advances involving living things, such as bio-engineering. Another major, though more specific, branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind – neuroscience.
The life sciences are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life. They have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries.
There is considerable overlap between many of the topics of study in the life sciences.
Biotech - Biotechnology
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock. As per European Federation of Biotechnology, Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology also writes on the pure biological sciences (animal cell culture, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, and molecular biology). In many instances, it is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology including:
bioinformatics, a new brand of computer science
bioprocess engineering
biorobotics
chemical engineering
Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are intimately entwined and heavily dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry. Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products).
By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials directly) for interfacing with and utilizing living things. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Relatedly, biomedical engineering is an overlapping field that often draws upon and applies biotechnology (by various definitions), especially in certain sub-fields of biomedical and/or chemical engineering such as tissue engineering, biopharmaceutical engineering, and genetic engineering.
bioinformatics, a new brand of computer science
bioprocess engineering
biorobotics
chemical engineering
Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are intimately entwined and heavily dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry. Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products).
By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials directly) for interfacing with and utilizing living things. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Relatedly, biomedical engineering is an overlapping field that often draws upon and applies biotechnology (by various definitions), especially in certain sub-fields of biomedical and/or chemical engineering such as tissue engineering, biopharmaceutical engineering, and genetic engineering.
Sunday, 13 March 2016
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering is a branch of science that applies physical sciences (physics and chemistry) and life sciences (microbiology and biochemistry) together with applied mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Essentially, chemical engineers design large-scale processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products.
Chemical engineering involves managing plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation. Chemical reaction engineers construct models for reactor analysis and design using laboratory data and physical parameters, such as chemical thermodynamics, to solve problems and predict reactor performance
Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specification, and economic analyses for pilot plants, new plants or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by a number of factors, including funding, government regulations and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process, materials and equipment.
Plant construction is coordinated by project engineers and project managers depending on the size of the investment. A chemical engineer may do the job of project engineer full-time or part of the time, which requires additional training and job skills, or act as a consultant to the project group. In USA the education of chemical engineering graduates from the Baccalaureate programs accredited by ABET do not usually stress project engineering education, which can be obtained by specialized training, as electives, or from graduate programs. Project engineering jobs are some of the largest employers for chemical engineers.
Chemical engineering involves managing plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation. Chemical reaction engineers construct models for reactor analysis and design using laboratory data and physical parameters, such as chemical thermodynamics, to solve problems and predict reactor performance
Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specification, and economic analyses for pilot plants, new plants or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by a number of factors, including funding, government regulations and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process, materials and equipment.
Plant construction is coordinated by project engineers and project managers depending on the size of the investment. A chemical engineer may do the job of project engineer full-time or part of the time, which requires additional training and job skills, or act as a consultant to the project group. In USA the education of chemical engineering graduates from the Baccalaureate programs accredited by ABET do not usually stress project engineering education, which can be obtained by specialized training, as electives, or from graduate programs. Project engineering jobs are some of the largest employers for chemical engineers.
Benefits of Surat Al-Kafirun
Surah Al-Kafirun is ‘makki’ and has 6 verses. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said that reciting this Surah carries the reward of reciting a quarter of the Holy Qur’an. The recitation of this Surah drives away evil and keeps one safe from Shirk.
It is also among the five Surahs that have been recommended to be recited during a journey, the others being Surah Al-Fatihah, An-Nasr, Al-Falaq and An-Naas. Reciting Surah Al-Kafirun and at-Tawhid in compulsory prayers is a means for forgiveness of sins for the reciter, his parents and his children. If a person dies after reciting this Surah, it is as if he has died a martyr. Recitation of this Surah before sleeping keeps one safe the whole night.
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said, ‘Recite surah al Kafirun and then go to sleep after coming to its end, for it is a clearance from shirk’ If recited on a treasure, it remains safe. If a person has many creditors, recitation of this Surah will help clear his debts. If recited by a person in fear, this Surah brings him to safety; if recited by a hungry person, it helps in his finding sustenance; if recited by a thirsty person, his thirst will be quenched.
Transliteration: Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim Qul ya ayyuha al-kafiruna. La a'budu ma ta'buduna. Wa-la ''antum 'abiduna ma a'budu. Wa-la ''ana 'abidunm ma 'abadtum. Wa-la ''antum 'abiduna ma a'budu. Lakum dinukum wa-liya dini.
Translation: In the name of Allah , the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. Say, "O disbelievers, I do not worship what you worship. Nor are you worshippers of what I worship. Nor will I be a worshipper of what you worship. Nor will you be worshippers of what I worship. For you is your religion, and for me is my religion."
It is also among the five Surahs that have been recommended to be recited during a journey, the others being Surah Al-Fatihah, An-Nasr, Al-Falaq and An-Naas. Reciting Surah Al-Kafirun and at-Tawhid in compulsory prayers is a means for forgiveness of sins for the reciter, his parents and his children. If a person dies after reciting this Surah, it is as if he has died a martyr. Recitation of this Surah before sleeping keeps one safe the whole night.
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said, ‘Recite surah al Kafirun and then go to sleep after coming to its end, for it is a clearance from shirk’ If recited on a treasure, it remains safe. If a person has many creditors, recitation of this Surah will help clear his debts. If recited by a person in fear, this Surah brings him to safety; if recited by a hungry person, it helps in his finding sustenance; if recited by a thirsty person, his thirst will be quenched.
Transliteration: Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim Qul ya ayyuha al-kafiruna. La a'budu ma ta'buduna. Wa-la ''antum 'abiduna ma a'budu. Wa-la ''ana 'abidunm ma 'abadtum. Wa-la ''antum 'abiduna ma a'budu. Lakum dinukum wa-liya dini.
Translation: In the name of Allah , the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. Say, "O disbelievers, I do not worship what you worship. Nor are you worshippers of what I worship. Nor will I be a worshipper of what you worship. Nor will you be worshippers of what I worship. For you is your religion, and for me is my religion."
Benefits of Surat Al-Falaq
This Surah was revealed in Madinah and it has 5 verses. It is narrated from the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that whoever recites Surah Al-Falaq in the month of Ramadan in any of his prayers, it is as if he has fasted in Makkah and he will get the reward for performing Hajj and ‘Umra. Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) said that in the prayer of Shafa’a (in Salaatul-layl) one should recite Surah al-Falaq in the first rak’aat and an-Naas in the second.
It is narrated from the Holy Prophet (saw) that whoever recites this Surah in the month of Ramadhan in any of his prayers, it is as if he has fasted in Makkah and he will get the reward for performing Hajj and ‘Umra.
Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) said that in the prayer of Shafa’a (in Salaatul-layl) one should recite Surah al-Falaq in the first rak’aat and an-Naas in the second.
Reciting of this Surah in compulsory prayers keeps a person safe from poverty and Sustenance comes towards him. His death will not be of a sudden and terrifying nature. This Surah has excelent cure for magic effects, pain in the eyes and should be recited before blowing gently into the eyes for relief from pain. Keeping this Surah in a talisman around one’s neck acts as a protection from the ‘evil eye’. This Surah remove magic effects very quickly.
Transliteration: Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim. Qul 'a-'uuzu bi-Rabbil-Falaq,. Min-sharri maa khalaq;. Wa min-sharri gaasiqin 'izaa waqab,. Wa min-sharrin Naffaasaati fil 'uqad,. Wa min-sharri haasidin 'izaa hasad.
Translation: In the name of Allah , the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak, From the evil of that which He created, And from the evil of darkness when it settles, And from the evil of the blowers in knots, And from the evil of an envier when he envies."
It is narrated from the Holy Prophet (saw) that whoever recites this Surah in the month of Ramadhan in any of his prayers, it is as if he has fasted in Makkah and he will get the reward for performing Hajj and ‘Umra.
Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) said that in the prayer of Shafa’a (in Salaatul-layl) one should recite Surah al-Falaq in the first rak’aat and an-Naas in the second.
Reciting of this Surah in compulsory prayers keeps a person safe from poverty and Sustenance comes towards him. His death will not be of a sudden and terrifying nature. This Surah has excelent cure for magic effects, pain in the eyes and should be recited before blowing gently into the eyes for relief from pain. Keeping this Surah in a talisman around one’s neck acts as a protection from the ‘evil eye’. This Surah remove magic effects very quickly.
Transliteration: Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim. Qul 'a-'uuzu bi-Rabbil-Falaq,. Min-sharri maa khalaq;. Wa min-sharri gaasiqin 'izaa waqab,. Wa min-sharrin Naffaasaati fil 'uqad,. Wa min-sharri haasidin 'izaa hasad.
Translation: In the name of Allah , the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak, From the evil of that which He created, And from the evil of darkness when it settles, And from the evil of the blowers in knots, And from the evil of an envier when he envies."
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